Clean golf balls make a measurable difference in your game. The dimples on a golf ball create the aerodynamic properties that affect ball flight, distance, and accuracy. Dirt, grass stains, and mud interfere with these properties, leading to unpredictable performance on the course.
Table of Contents
Why Clean Golf Balls Matter
Your golf ball's performance depends on its surface condition. Research shows that a dirty golf ball can lose up to 5-10% of its intended distance due to compromised aerodynamics. The dimples on your golf ball create lift and reduce air resistance, but this effect diminishes when debris fills these precise indentations.
The lifespan of your golf balls also depends on regular cleaning. Embedded dirt particles can scratch and wear down the ball's surface over time, reducing its effectiveness and forcing premature replacement.
Types of Golf Ball Cleaners
Portable Cleaners
These compact devices attach to your golf bag or cart. The Clean Flight Personal Golf Ball Washer leads the market with its dual-brush system and secure clip attachment. You'll appreciate the convenience of cleaning balls between holes without carrying extra equipment.
Manual Brush-Based Cleaners
Manual cleaners use specialized bristles to remove tough dirt. The BrushOn Golf Ball Cleaner features ergonomic grips and replaceable brush heads. These cleaners work without water, making them practical for any weather condition.
Electric and Ultrasonic Cleaners
High-tech solutions use ultrasonic waves to break down dirt particles. These machines clean multiple balls simultaneously, perfect for home use after a round. The technology penetrates microscopic crevices in the ball's surface, providing deeper cleaning than manual methods.
Cleaning Wipes and Sprays
Quick-cleaning solutions include specialized wipes and sprays. These products contain cleaning agents that break down grass stains and mud. The convenience factor makes them popular among recreational golfers who want simple maintenance options.
Key Features to Consider
Portability
Your cleaner should match your playing style. Course-friendly options weigh less than a pound and attach securely to your equipment. Look for weather-resistant materials and sealed compartments that prevent water leakage.
Cleaning Effectiveness
The best cleaners remove surface dirt without damaging the ball's coating. Dual-action brushes provide thorough cleaning while protecting the ball's surface integrity. Water-based systems often clean more effectively but require more maintenance.
Durability and Build Quality
Quality cleaners use materials like ABS plastic or stainless steel. These materials resist corrosion and withstand repeated use. Check for warranty coverage and replacement part availability before purchasing.
Environmental Impact
Modern cleaners minimize water waste and avoid harsh chemicals. Some models recycle cleaning water through filtration systems. Choose cleaners that use biodegradable solutions when possible.
Best Practices for Home Cleaning
The soap and water method remains effective for routine cleaning. Mix mild dish soap with warm water, soak the balls briefly, then scrub gently with a microfiber cloth. This method removes most surface dirt without risking damage to the ball's coating.
For stubborn stains, create a paste using baking soda and water. Apply the mixture to affected areas, let it sit for 5 minutes, then rinse thoroughly. This natural solution breaks down organic matter without harsh chemicals.
The dishwasher method works for bulk cleaning. Place balls in a mesh bag on the top rack, use regular detergent, and run a normal cycle without heated drying. This technique cleans up to 50 balls at once.
What Not to Do
Never soak golf balls in water for extended periods. The core can absorb water, changing the ball's weight and performance characteristics. Avoid using metal brushes or abrasive cleaners that can scratch the surface.
Bleach solutions damage the ball's outer layer and can weaken the core material. Skip the pressure washer - the intense force can strip the protective coating and damage dimples.
Top-Rated Golf Ball Cleaners
Clean Flight Golf - Personal golf ball washer
The Clean Flight Personal Golf Ball Washer emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic as a response to golf courses removing shared ball washers. This portable device weighs 12.2 ounces unfilled and combines durability with convenience through its polystyrene and stainless steel construction.
The washer features a hexagonal design with a screw-on lid protected by a heavy-duty gasket that prevents leaks. Multiple internal brushes create an oscillating cleaning action that mimics traditional course-mounted washers. The cleaning mechanism rotates golf balls to ensure complete surface coverage, removing dirt and debris from every dimple.
The product includes smart design elements like a carabiner attachment for golf bags and cup holder compatibility for cart users. A small container of specialized cleaning solution accompanies the washer, requiring just one drop per water fill for optimal cleaning performance.
The manufacturing process prioritizes weather resistance and long-term durability. The brush system uses materials that clean effectively without scratching or damaging ball surfaces. The lid's gasket system maintains water pressure while preventing spills during transport.
Priced at $34.99, the Clean Flight positions itself as a mid-range personal cleaning solution. The price point reflects its build quality and convenience features while remaining accessible to average golfers. The washer requires minimal maintenance - users simply dump out the water post-round and occasionally rinse the internal components.
The product addresses both hygiene concerns and practical needs for golfers who want consistent access to ball cleaning during play. Its development focused on creating a personal solution that matches or exceeds the cleaning effectiveness of traditional course-mounted systems while adding portability and individual ownership benefits.
10L0L Golf Ball Washer
The 10L0L Golf Ball Washer represents a specialized golf cart accessory that combines practicality with performance enhancement. This device mounts directly onto your golf cart, providing convenient access during your round.
The washer features a dual-brush cleaning system that rotates golf balls through a specialized cleaning solution. The brushes use soft bristles designed to clean without scratching the ball's surface. The cleaning chamber holds enough water and cleaning solution for multiple rounds of golf.
The design incorporates a sealed cleaning compartment that prevents spills while driving. A drainage system allows you to empty and refresh the cleaning solution without removing the entire unit. The mounting brackets fit standard golf cart models, including Club Car, EZGO, and Yamaha.
The construction uses UV-resistant materials that withstand prolonged sun exposure. The outer shell resists impacts and temperature changes, while the internal components use corrosion-resistant metals. The brush assembly can be removed for maintenance or replacement.
This washer cleans both golf balls and clubs. The top section includes grooves for cleaning club faces, while the main chamber handles ball cleaning. The unit processes one ball at a time, with each cleaning cycle taking about 10-15 seconds.
The 10L0L washer requires minimal maintenance. Users should change the cleaning solution weekly during regular use. The brushes maintain effectiveness for several months before needing replacement. The mounting system includes rubber gaskets that prevent vibration and rattling during cart operation.
The product demonstrates particular value during wet conditions or on courses with sandy soil. Players report improved putting accuracy and consistent ball flight after regular cleaning. The convenience factor encourages more frequent ball cleaning, contributing to better game performance.
GreenHaven Upgraded Golf Water Brush
The GreenHaven Upgraded Golf Water Brush represents a thoughtful evolution in golf equipment maintenance tools. This dual-purpose cleaner serves both as a ball and club cleaner, featuring retractable bristles made from premium nylon materials.
The brush's design centers on practicality. A water reservoir sits inside the handle, releasing controlled amounts of water through small holes near the bristle base. This system prevents over-saturation while providing enough moisture to tackle stubborn dirt and grass stains. The reservoir holds enough water for a full round of golf.
The ergonomic grip features textured zones that maintain stability during wet conditions. The brush head rotates 360 degrees, letting you clean at multiple angles without adjusting your grip. The bristles strike a balance between stiffness for effective cleaning and softness to protect club faces and ball surfaces.
Construction quality stands out with its ABS plastic body and aluminum accents. The seals prevent leakage, solving a common problem with water-based cleaners. A carabiner clip attaches securely to golf bags or carts.
The brush measures 7.5 inches in length and weighs 6.2 ounces when filled. The compact size fits standard golf bag pockets. The bristle pattern includes both long and short fibers - longer ones reach groove depths in club faces while shorter ones provide general surface cleaning.
Maintenance proves straightforward. The brush head detaches for thorough cleaning, and the water reservoir features a wide mouth for easy filling. The manufacturer recommends monthly cleaning of the water distribution system using mild soap to prevent mineral buildup.
This tool combines cleaning effectiveness with durability, making it a practical choice for golfers who value equipment maintenance. The price point positions it in the mid-range segment of golf cleaning accessories.
Birdie Bath Portable Golf Ball Cleaner - Ultimate Personal Golf Ball Washer
The Birdie Bath Portable Golf Ball Cleaner stands out as a compact, water-based cleaning solution designed for golfers who want pristine balls during their rounds. This portable device measures approximately 6 inches in height and 3 inches in diameter, making it small enough to clip onto your golf bag or fit in a cart cup holder.
The cleaner features a dual-brush cleaning system housed within a watertight container. The brushes create a spiral pattern that spins the golf ball as you push it through, removing dirt, grass stains, and mud from all surfaces of the ball. The design prevents water from leaking, even when the unit tips over during transport.
The construction uses high-grade ABS plastic for durability and weather resistance. The internal components include replaceable brush heads and a water reservoir that holds enough liquid to clean dozens of balls before requiring a refill. The manufacturer recommends using plain water or a mild soap solution for cleaning.
The unit's operation remains straightforward - you insert the dirty golf ball into the top opening, press down to engage the brushes, and remove the cleaned ball from the bottom. The process takes about 5-10 seconds per ball. The cleaning mechanism works through mechanical action rather than chemicals, preserving the ball's surface integrity.
Maintenance proves simple - the unit disassembles for periodic cleaning and brush replacement. The design allows for easy water changes and internal cleaning. The clip attachment system fits standard golf bag designs and remains secure during movement. The product comes with a satisfaction guarantee and replacement parts availability through the manufacturer.
The Birdie Bath serves both casual and serious golfers who value ball cleanliness but prefer not to rely on course-provided cleaning stations. The portable nature and efficient cleaning action make it practical for regular use during play.
BallBrite - The Ultimate Portable Golf Ball Cleaner
The BallBrite represents a breakthrough in golf ball cleaning technology, combining simplicity with practical engineering. This portable cleaner uses a three-layer construction with specialized neoprene material and a non-stitched inner microfiber lining that retains moisture while preventing leakage.
The device measures 8.5 inches long by 4 inches wide and stands 0.75 inches high, making it compact enough to fit in a pocket or clip onto golf bags. The design solves common problems faced by golfers who previously relied on wet towels or course-mounted ball washers.
The cleaning mechanism works through a patented system that uses minimal water. The internal chamber holds enough moisture to clean multiple balls throughout a round of golf. The microfiber interior scrubs the ball's surface without causing damage to the dimples or protective coating. This same technology proves effective for cleaning club faces, particularly useful for maintaining wedge grooves during play.
Manufacturing specifications show careful attention to durability. The outer neoprene shell resists wear from regular use while maintaining flexibility. The product weighs just 50 grams, adding negligible weight to golf bags. Machine washable materials extend the product's lifespan through multiple seasons of use.
The BallBrite emerged from research into golfer needs on the course. The development team focused on creating a solution that would maintain ball cleanliness without the inconvenience of carrying wet towels or searching for course-mounted washers. The result combines portability with consistent cleaning performance, addressing a fundamental need in golf equipment maintenance.
The product's success stems from its dual-purpose functionality - cleaning both balls and club faces - while maintaining a dry exterior. This practical approach to golf equipment maintenance has earned recognition among players seeking efficient solutions for keeping equipment clean during rounds.
Zelerdo 4 Pack Portable Pocket Golf Ball Washer Golf Ball Cleaner Pouch
The Zelerdo Portable Golf Ball Cleaner represents a practical solution for golfers who need to clean their balls during play. This pocket-sized washer features a neoprene outer shell that prevents moisture leakage and a microfiber inner layer for thorough cleaning.
The design consists of a pouch with a specialized opening that fits standard golf balls. The dual-layer construction combines waterproof exterior materials with absorbent interior fabric. The microfiber lining holds water throughout your round while the neoprene exterior stays dry, protecting your golf bag and equipment.
You can attach this cleaner to your golf bag using the built-in clip system. The compact size measures approximately 4x6 inches, making it unobtrusive yet accessible during play. The cleaner requires minimal water - just a few tablespoons per use.
The cleaning process involves adding water to the microfiber interior, inserting a dirty golf ball, and manipulating the ball through the cleaning fabric. The textured interior removes grass, mud, and other debris without scratching the ball's surface. The cleaner also works for club heads.
Maintenance requires turning the pouch inside out after use to prevent mold growth. The materials stand up to regular washing with mild soap and water. Each package includes multiple cleaners, allowing you to keep spares or share with playing partners.
The product fills the gap between course-mounted ball washers and more expensive electronic cleaning systems. While the opening size runs small and water retention could improve, the price point and portability make it a practical choice for regular golfers.
Clean Flight golf Cleaning Solution 30ml
The Clean Flight Golf Ball & Club Head Washer Cleaning Solution represents a specialized formula designed for golf equipment maintenance. This 30ml bottle contains a concentrated cleaning agent engineered specifically for use in portable golf ball washers and club head cleaning systems.
The solution uses a water-based formula that breaks down organic matter, grass stains, and mud without damaging the golf ball's urethane or ionomer cover. The pH-balanced composition preserves the ball's protective coating while removing stubborn dirt from dimples and surface irregularities.
Each 30ml bottle mixes with water in portable washers to create an effective cleaning solution. The concentrated formula allows for multiple refills, making it cost-effective for regular golfers. The solution works through a combination of surfactants that lower water's surface tension, helping it penetrate dirt and debris more effectively.
The cleaning agent includes anti-bacterial properties that prevent the growth of mold and mildew in your washer reservoir. This feature proves particularly valuable during humid conditions or extended storage periods. The solution leaves no residue on golf balls or club heads, maintaining the equipment's original performance characteristics.
The product packaging features a precision dispenser that measures exact amounts needed for different washer sizes. The bottle's compact size fits easily in golf bags or cart compartments. The solution works in temperatures ranging from 40°F to 100°F, making it suitable for year-round use in most climates.
Clean Flight developed this formula through testing with different ball types and surface materials. The solution complements their washer systems but remains compatible with other brands of portable golf ball cleaners.
Cosmos Portable Pocket Golf Ball Washer
The Cosmos Portable Pocket Golf Ball Washer represents a compact solution for golfers who need quick ball cleaning during play. This pocket-sized device measures 4 x 2.5 x 1.5 inches and weighs just 3.2 ounces, making it one of the smallest golf ball cleaners on the market.
The design features a patented dual-brush system with soft nylon bristles arranged in a spiral pattern. The main chamber holds 2 ounces of water or cleaning solution. The ball rotates through the chamber via a manual twist mechanism, which creates a scrubbing action against the bristles.
The outer shell uses impact-resistant ABS plastic in either black or navy blue. A rubber grip coating covers strategic points for secure handling in wet conditions. The water-tight seal prevents leakage, while the snap-lock lid keeps the cleaning solution contained.
The cleaning process takes about 15-20 seconds per ball. The bristles reach into the dimples to remove grass, mud, and sand without scratching the ball's surface. The device cleans one ball at a time through a simple twist-and-clean motion.
Manufacturing began in 2019 in Taiwan, with distribution primarily through golf specialty retailers and online marketplaces. The product comes with a 1-year warranty against defects. The suggested retail price ranges from $14.99 to $19.99.
The washer attaches to golf bags via an included carabiner clip or fits in most cart cup holders. The maintenance requires occasional brush replacement (available separately) and regular cleaning solution changes. Most users report 6-12 months of regular use before needing brush replacement.
This cleaner fills the niche between basic towel cleaning and larger stationary washers, targeting recreational golfers who want a practical, portable cleaning solution during their rounds.
Roykaw Golf Cart Ball Washer
The Roykaw Golf Cart Ball Washer represents a practical solution for golfers who want to maintain their equipment during play. This dual-purpose device combines ball and club cleaning capabilities in a compact unit that mounts directly to golf carts.
The washer features a robust construction with dimensions of 11.46 x 9.92 x 7.6 inches and weighs 1.91 kilograms. The black ABS plastic housing resists weather damage and regular wear. The design incorporates two separate cleaning chambers - one for balls and another for club heads.
The ball cleaning mechanism uses a handle-operated system. Players place their golf ball in the dedicated slot and move the handle up and down. This action creates agitation in the cleaning solution while specialized brushes remove dirt and grass stains. The club head cleaning section contains dense bristles that scrub club faces and grooves clean without damaging the metal surfaces.
The mounting system shows thoughtful engineering. The package includes both universal brackets and specific mounts for Club Car Precedent models. This versatility allows installation on major cart brands including EZGO, Club Car, Yamaha, and Advanced EV. The drainage system uses a push-in plug for easy water changes and maintenance.
The product addresses common challenges golf courses face with traditional ball washers. By mounting directly on individual carts, it reduces congestion at stationary cleaning stations and encourages more frequent ball cleaning during rounds. The combination of ball and club cleaning functions saves space and provides convenience for players who want to maintain their equipment throughout their round.
The Roykaw washer fills a specific niche in golf course accessories - providing mobile cleaning capability without requiring permanent course installations or complex maintenance routines. The design balances durability, functionality, and ease of use while maintaining a reasonable price point for both individual golfers and course operators.
GolfRound Towel Pocket Golf Ball Cleaner
The GolfRound Towel Pocket Golf Ball Cleaner combines practicality with smart design for golfers who want clean balls without carrying extra equipment. This black towel features a specialized dual-material construction that sets it apart from standard golf towels.
The outer layer uses water-repellent fabric that prevents moisture from seeping through and keeps your hands dry during use. The inner layer consists of premium terry cloth material, which creates the perfect cleaning surface for golf balls. The center section of the towel contains a dedicated pocket designed specifically for cleaning golf balls.
The cleaning process works through a simple yet effective method. You moisten the center pocket area before your round, and the terry cloth retains enough water to clean multiple balls throughout your game. The pocket design allows you to insert a dirty ball and rotate it against the wet terry cloth, removing mud, grass stains, and other debris.
The towel measures 16 x 16 inches, making it compact enough to hang from your golf bag without getting in the way. A built-in clip attachment system keeps the towel secure during play. The black color masks dirt stains and maintains a professional appearance over time.
The product stands out for its durability. The stitching pattern reinforces high-stress areas, preventing tearing at the pocket and attachment points. The materials resist fading from sun exposure and maintain their cleaning effectiveness after repeated washing cycles.
This cleaner suits both casual and serious golfers. The design allows one-handed operation, letting you clean balls while holding your club or walking to your next shot. The towel requires minimal maintenance - a regular wash cycle restores its cleaning capabilities.
Tidy golfer Golf Iron and Ball Cleaner
The Tidy Golfer Golf Iron and Ball Cleaner stands out in the golf maintenance equipment market as a dual-purpose cleaning tool. This compact device combines iron and ball cleaning capabilities in one portable unit, making it a practical choice for golfers who value efficiency.
The product features a robust construction with water-resistant materials and specialized brushes designed to tackle both club faces and golf ball surfaces. The main cleaning chamber houses dual-action brushes that rotate against the ball's surface when activated, removing dirt and debris without damaging the ball's dimple pattern.
For iron cleaning, the device incorporates a separate groove-specific brush system that reaches into club grooves to remove packed dirt and grass. The brush bristles are engineered with a specific stiffness that cleans effectively without scratching club faces or wearing down the grooves.
A unique aspect of the Tidy Golfer is its water management system. The cleaner uses a minimal amount of water, stored in a sealed compartment, which recirculates through a basic filtration system. This design helps conserve water while maintaining cleaning effectiveness throughout a round of golf.
The attachment mechanism includes both a standard bag clip and a cart mount option, giving users flexibility in how they carry the device. The ergonomic design allows for one-handed operation, with a simple twist mechanism that activates the cleaning process.
Maintenance of the unit proves straightforward, with removable brush heads that can be replaced when worn. The water chamber empties through a drain plug, and the entire unit disassembles for periodic deep cleaning.
This cleaner represents a practical solution for golfers who want to maintain their equipment during play without carrying multiple cleaning tools. The price point positions it in the mid-range segment of golf cleaning accessories.
ProActive Sports Green Go Pocket Ball Washer
The ProActive Sports Green Go Pocket Ball Washer stands out as a compact, practical solution for golfers who need quick ball cleaning during their rounds. This pocket-sized device measures just 3.5 x 2.5 x 1.5 inches, making it small enough to fit in your golf bag's side pocket or even your pants pocket.
The cleaner features a dual-brush system housed within a durable green plastic casing. The internal mechanism uses two opposing brush panels made from soft yet sturdy bristles that create a thorough cleaning action. You simply insert your golf ball through the top opening, twist it around a few times, and pull it out clean.
The design includes a water reservoir that holds enough liquid for multiple cleanings. The sealed construction prevents leaks, while the screw-top lid makes refilling straightforward. The manufacturer recommends using plain water or a mild soap solution for optimal results.
The unit attaches to your golf bag through a built-in clip system. The clip's strong spring mechanism keeps the cleaner secure during movement. The materials used in construction withstand repeated exposure to water and sunlight without degrading.
Maintenance proves straightforward - the brushes rinse clean with water, and the unit disassembles for periodic deep cleaning. The design allows for brush replacement when needed, though most users report the original brushes last several seasons under normal use.
The Green Go Pocket Ball Washer sells at a mid-range price point compared to other portable cleaners. ProActive Sports backs the product with a satisfaction guarantee and responsive customer service. The product serves recreational golfers who want a reliable, no-fuss cleaning solution without carrying bulky equipment.
Cleaning Frequency
Clean your golf balls after completing each round. During wet or muddy conditions, clean balls every few holes to maintain consistent performance. Professional players clean their balls before every hole to ensure optimal flight characteristics.
The science behind golf ball performance supports regular cleaning. Tests show that clean balls travel straighter and maintain better spin rates than dirty ones. The small investment in cleaning time pays off in improved accuracy and distance control.
Your golf ball cleaner choice depends on your playing habits. Weekend golfers might prefer portable options that attach to their bag. Practice facility operators need high-capacity electric cleaners. Tournament players often combine methods, using portable cleaners during rounds and thorough cleaning systems at home.
The market offers solutions for every budget and need. Basic manual cleaners cost less than $20, while premium electric models range up to $100. Consider your cleaning frequency and typical playing conditions when selecting equipment.
Remember these practical tips:
Store cleaning equipment in a dry place
Replace brushes or cleaning heads when worn
Test new cleaning products on old balls first
Keep a backup cleaner in your golf bag
Golf ball cleaning affects your game more than you might expect. Clean balls roll truer on greens and maintain consistent flight patterns. The right cleaning system helps protect your investment in golf equipment while improving your performance on the course.
Your choice of golf ball cleaner reflects your commitment to the game. Professional-grade equipment delivers better results but requires more maintenance. Simple portable cleaners offer convenience with acceptable cleaning performance for most players.
The technology behind golf ball cleaners continues to advance. New materials and cleaning methods emerge regularly. Stay informed about product developments to make educated decisions about your equipment care routine.
Golf ball cleaning remains a fundamental aspect of equipment maintenance. The right cleaner helps you maintain consistent performance and extend the life of your golf balls. Choose a cleaning system that matches your playing style and maintenance preferences.
Conclusion
The right golf ball cleaner makes a noticeable difference in your game performance. Whether you choose a simple portable cleaner or invest in an advanced ultrasonic system, regular cleaning maintains your golf balls' aerodynamic properties and extends their usable life.
Consider your playing frequency, typical course conditions, and budget when selecting a cleaning solution. A combination of cleaning methods often provides the best results – a portable cleaner for on-course maintenance and a more thorough cleaning system for home use.
Clean golf balls perform better, last longer, and provide more consistent results on the course. The small investment in proper cleaning equipment pays dividends in improved play and reduced equipment costs over time.
Your golf ball cleaner becomes an essential part of your equipment maintenance routine. Choose a system that fits your needs, maintain it properly, and clean your balls regularly to maximize their performance and longevity.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use household cleaners on my golf balls?
No. Standard household cleaners often contain harsh chemicals that can damage the ball's urethane or ionomer cover. Stick to golf-specific cleaners or mild soap and water. Strong chemicals can break down the protective coating and affect the ball's performance characteristics.
How long should I expect a golf ball cleaner to last?
A quality portable golf ball cleaner typically lasts 2-3 years with regular use. Electric cleaners can last 5+ years when properly maintained. The lifespan depends on usage frequency, maintenance, and build quality. Replace brush heads every 6-12 months for optimal cleaning performance.
Does water temperature matter when cleaning golf balls?
Yes. Use lukewarm water (around 100°F/38°C) for cleaning. Hot water can potentially damage the ball's core and cover materials, while cold water is less effective at removing oils and stubborn stains. Never use boiling water, as extreme temperatures can alter the ball's compression characteristics.
Will cleaning my golf balls remove the manufacturer's coating?
Proper cleaning methods won't remove the manufacturer's coating. However, aggressive scrubbing, abrasive materials, or harsh chemicals can damage this protective layer. Use soft brushes and approved cleaning solutions to maintain the ball's original properties.
How many golf balls can I clean at once in an ultrasonic cleaner?
Most consumer ultrasonic cleaners handle 20-50 golf balls per cycle. Professional models clean up to 100 balls simultaneously. The cleaning effectiveness decreases if you overload the machine, so follow the manufacturer's capacity recommendations.